Test Codes for Submission Form
Honey Bee Pathogen Panel Codes:
A = Honey Bee Full Screen;
B = Multiplex Group 1;
C = Multiplex Group 2;
D – M = Singleplex Tests; D = †ABPV; E = †KBV; F = †BQCV; G = †LSV-1/LSV-2; H = †AFB; I = †SBPV; J = †CBPV; K = †IABPV; L = †DVW; M = †EFB
Multiplex Group 1 = ABPV, BQCV, KBV, LSV-1/LSV-2, and AFB
Multiplex Group 2 = CBPV, DWV, IAPBV, and SBPV.
†ABPV = Acute Bee Paralysis Virus; KBV = Kashmir Bee Virus; BQCV = Black Queen Cell Virus; LSV-1/LSV-2 = Lake Sinai Viruses 1 and 2; AFB = American Foulbrood; SBPV = Slow Bee Paralysis Virus; CBPV = Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus; Israeli Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (IABPV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), and European Foulbrood (EFB).
Corn Assay Test Codes:
GW = Goss’s Wilt
GW-Q = Goss’s Wilt Quantitative
GLSx = Gray Leaf Spot and Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum Multiplex
GLS-Q = Gray Leaf Spot Quantitative
Xvv-Q = Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum Quantitative Analysis
NCLB-Q = Northern Corn Leaf Blight Quantitative
Soybean Assay Test Codes:
Ps = Phytophthora sojae
AR = Aphid Resistance in soybean
Honey Bee Pathogen Panel
The Honey Bee Pathogen Panel is currently offered to consumers on a fee for service basis. This test panel was developed by NAGC as a tool used to screen for the health of honey bees. NAGC’s pathogen panel is specific for the following 11 viral and bacterial pathogens: Acute Bee Paralysis Virus, Black Queen Cell Virus, Kashmir Bee Virus, Lake Sinai Virus 1 and 2, American Foulbrood, Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus, Deformed Wing Virus, Israeli Acute Bee Paralysis Virus, Slow Bee Paralysis Virus and European Foulbrood. This multi-target panel has been shown to be highly specific for each target using the unique DNA sequence from each pathogen. In addition to the cost savings, the utilization of a multiplex panel shortens the turnaround time which, in turn, heightens the throughput capacity of the laboratory.
This project was funded by the National Corn Growers Association and the North Dakota Department of Agriculture.
Palmer Amaranth Testing
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) has invaded the fields of North Dakota. Recognized as one of the most yield-robbing weeds in agriculture, the North Dakota Department of Agriculture wasted little time adding Palmer amaranth to the noxious weed list. Concern over its devastating effects has made the weed a popular topic at ND expos and conferences. One common theme during these discussions was to inform growers on how to differentiate Palmer amaranth from other ND pigweeds, specifically Waterhemp (A. tuberculatus). The window of opportunity for effective herbicide treatments is limited to shortly after emergence, and before the weeds reach 3 inches. This early detection in the field can mean the difference between shutting down an early infestation and a permanent increase in annual herbicide to curtail an established population of this highly productive weed. Unfortunately, visual identification at the vulnerable and early stage are challenging for even the most experienced weed scientists. Moreover, nature is not always textbook, making it difficult to fully document the overwhelming variation among individual Palmer amaranth plants, which can arise from field or regional differences in soil types, nutrient loads, and water availability. As a result, photographs that are used to help growers differentiate amaranth species can fall short, potentially causing further confusion and inadequate control recommendations. Thus, the most reliable way to confirm Palmer amaranth and other pigweed species is to supplement the visual diagnosis with a DNA test. Since identification is difficult and effective control is time-dependent, the National Agricultural Genotyping Center (NAGC) partnered with weed scientists at North Dakota State University to make a rapid DNA test available to the agricultural community.
This project was funding by the National Corn Growers Association, North Dakota Soybean Council, and the North Dakota Corn Council.
Bacterial Leaf Streak
The NAGC collaborated with the USDA and university labs to identify Xanthomonas in corn, the causal agent that causes Bacterial Leaf Streak in Corn. As the top corn producing country, there is a strong need to provide US farmers with reliable and early disease detection for a variety of pathogens, particularly for the recently confirmed Bacterial Leaf Streak Disease (BLSD). BLSD is caused by a bacteria, Xanthomonas vasicola pathovar vasculorum (Xvv), which was thought to be restricted to South Africa. The first reported detection of Xvv in the US was in Nebraska last year (2016) and further surveying has confirmed its presence in several other states (Minnesota, South Dakota, Iowa, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Texas and Oklahoma) with more being added (USDA-APHIS, 2016, August 29 and Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2016, August 26). Symptoms of BLSD are similar to other diseases, making visual diagnosis difficult to impossible.
Due to its recent introduction to the US, the epidemiology (control and spread) of BLSD is largely unknown, but it is likely that foliar fungicides typically used against gray leaf spot will be ineffective against this bacterial disease.
Through the USDA’s collaboration, the NAGC has been able to modify the initial assay to allow for a greater number of samples (high throughput) to be analyzed in a shorter period of time. The information gathered will allow for a better understanding of the transmission of the disease and protect producers from further spread within the US. There are only a few research labs that can support and are capable of developing high throughput assays using the latest molecular instrumentation that the NAGC possesses. This assay has the potential to screen other plants that may not yet be identified as alternative hosts (e.g. cotton, food crops or weeds) to the bacteria, which have been important sources in particular strains of Xanthomonas vasicola pathovars (Coutinho, et al., 2015).
Importantly, optimization of the assay will enable producers to test a variety of potential contaminated sources (farming equipment, seeds, soil), which can help market corn for exportation as well as assert liability of contamination from farming equipment that moves from field to field. Furthermore, this assay will provide a more reliable diagnosis, allowing producers to be more proactive in their management strategies.
This project was funded by the National Corn Growers Association and the North Dakota Corn Council.
Gray Leaf Spot and Bacterial Leaf Streak Multiplex
This project was funded by the National Corn Growers Association and the North Dakota Corn Council.
Goss’s Wilt
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Cmn), the causal organism of Goss’s Wilt, can infect a corn crop in any developmental stage, whether through wounds or transmitted directly through seed. Once the bacteria has colonized a crop, the surface-infested crop residue later becomes the main source of inoculum for future outbreaks of Goss’s wilt and leaf blight.
NAGC has optimized a test for Goss’s Wilt with high throughput capabilities that was very recently developed by a group from the University of MN (McNally et. al., 2016), which utilized a PCR-based assay to detect, identify and quantify the causal agent of Goss’s Wilt (Cmn). Utilizing the Goss’s Wilt assay, NAGC is able to provide an accurate, sensitive and affordable method for producers and researchers to assess the potential for developing Goss’s Wilt as a pre-screen of seed before purchase, for detecting the organism in field samples to assess the bacterial lode in the field before planting, as well as detecting the organism on symptomatic plant samples.
This project was funded in part by the North Dakota Corn Utilization Council.
Northern Corn Leaf Blight
Exserohilum turcicum is a destructive fungal pathogen that infects leaves of corn, sorghum and grass species. As the causal agent of Northern Corn Leaf Blight (NCLB), yield losses associated with this disease can be extensive, upwards of 50% in susceptible hybrids when the disease develops early in the season, prior to tasseling. However, when disease severity is minor or its development has been delayed until well after silking, yield impacts are usually minimal. The ideal conditions for NCLB include high humidity under the canopy with moderate soil temperatures. Having a history of NCLB in the field or in nearby fields is the most important factor impacting disease development. The ability of the fungusto survive from year to year in infected corn residue makes it a perpetual problem once the disease has developed in the area.
In-field symptoms of NCLB can be mistaken for other pathogens, including gray leaf spot (Czm) and bacterial leaf streak (Xvv). With no way to eradicate the fungus from a location, management of NCLB becomes the focus, especially since the effectiveness of in-season treatments (fungicide applications)may rely on early and accurate diagnosis.
Phytophthora
Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRSR), caused by the soil-borne fungus Phytophthora sojae is a common disease found throughout the United States. PRSR has been ranked as a leading destructive soybean disease reportedly causing an annual loss of over 44 million bu from 1996-2009 (Koenning and Wrather, 2010; Wrather and Koenning, 2009).
The NAGC has developed a test that allows for the identification of the Phytophthora pathogen, allowing ND soybean producers to quickly identify the Phytophthora pathogen. An accurate course for remediation can then be determined. It can also be an indicator of what soybean producers might expect in a particular field the following year.
This project was funded in part by the North Dakota Soybean Council.
Aphid Resistance in Soybeans
In 2008, the economic loss for the soybean industry due to the presence of aphids was estimated to be approximately 4 billion US dollars annually (Kim et al, 2008). Aphid infestation can decrease soybean yield as high as 50% (Wang et al., 1994; Ragsdale et al., 2007). High aphid populations can reduce crop production directly when their feeding causing severe damage such as stunting, leaf distortion, and reduced pod set (Sun et al., 1990). Although proper use of insecticides can greatly reduce the damaging effects of aphids on soybean yield, this approach is costly (∼33 U.S. dollars/hectare), detrimental for the environment and can lead to the development of insecticide resistant aphids. In addition, this practice could also adversely affect the population of insects that normally prey on aphids (Ragsdale et al., 2007).
Aphis glycines, and a close relative A. gossipii, are the only aphid species found colonizing soybean in the Unites States (Hill et al., 2004). To date, four soybean aphid biotypes are now known in relation to resistance genes. Depending on the type of soybean aphid, there are different resistance gene combinations from the soybean plant that offer tolerance to these pests.
The use of soybean lines naturally resistant to aphids is another management approach to control soybean aphids. By selecting the varieties that are resistant to the biotypes of aphids most prevalent in ND, farmers will decrease aphid damage and decrease yield losses due to aphids. Farmers will decrease insecticide applications reducing costs and impact on the environment.
Scientists at the NAGC have optimized high throughput assays to screen soybean varieties for Rag1, Rag2, Rag3 genes. From the genetic work of our collaborator, Dr. Brian Diers (University of Illinois-Urbana) and research from Dr. Dechun Wang (Michigan State University), identification of genetic markers linked to the Rag genes have made it possible to rapidly screen new soybean varieties for aphid resistance.
This project was funded in part by the North Dakota Soybean Council.
Reference:
Zhang S., Z. Zhang, C. Bales, C. Gu, C. DiFonzo, M. Li, Q. Song, P. Cregan, Z. Yang and D. Wang. 2017. Mapping novel aphid resistance QTL from wild soybean, Glycine soja 85-32. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1-12.
Honey Bee Pathogen Panel Pricing
Full Screen: $75/sample
The full screen includes the following viruses and bacteria: Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV), Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Lake Sinai Viruses 1 and 2 (LSV-1 and LSV-2), Slow Bee Paralysis Virus (SBPV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), Israeli Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (IABPV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), American Foulbrood (AFB), and European Foulbrood (EFB).
Any single pathogen test: $20/sample
BULK PRICING (full screen): $50/sample
Discounted pricing for a single submission of 25 samples or more
Current Turnaround Time: Less than 30 days
Rush testing is available for a surcharge. Please contact Megan O’Neil at 701-239-1449 for expedited requests.
Shipping
Amaranth Pricing
Leaf Tissue Testing: $75/sample
Seed Testing: COMING SOON!
Current Turnaround Time: Less than 7 days
Rush testing is available for a surcharge. Please contact Megan O’Neil at 701-239-1449 for expedited requests.
Bacterial Leaf Streak Pricing
Green Plant Tissue & Seed Testing
1 – 10 sample submission……………..………………..……..……….$90/sample
11 + sample submission…………………………………..……..………$30/sample
Soil & Residue Testing
1 – 10 sample submission……………..…………………….……….$120/sample
11 + sample submission…………………………..…………..………$40/sample
Current Turnaround Time: Less than 30 days
Rush testing is available for a surcharge. Please contact Megan O’Neil at 701-239-1449 for expedited requests.
Gray Leaf Spot and Bacterial Leaf Streak Pricing
Green Plant Tissue & Seed Testing
1 – 10 sample submission……………..………………..……..……….$90/sample
11 + sample submission…………………………………..……..………$30/sample
Soil & Residue Testing
1 – 10 sample submission……………..…………………….……….$120/sample
11 + sample submission…………………………..…………..………$40/sample
Current Turnaround Time: Less than 30 days
Rush testing is available for a surcharge. Please contact Megan O’Neil at 701-239-1449 for expedited requests.
Sample Submission – Seed (disease)
Sample Submission – Plant (disease)
Goss's Wilt Pricing
Green Plant Tissue & Seed Testing
1 – 10 sample submission……………..………………..……..……….$90/sample
11 + sample submission…………………………………..……..………$30/sample
Soil & Residue Testing
1 – 10 sample submission……………..…………………….……….$120/sample
11 + sample submission…………………………..…………..………$40/sample
Current Turnaround Time: Less than 30 days
Rush testing is available for a surcharge. Please contact Megan O’Neil at 701-239-1449 for expedited requests.
Shipping
Northern Corn Leaf Blight Pricing
Green Plant Tissue & Seed Testing
1 – 10 sample submission……………..………………..……..……….$90/sample
11 + sample submission…………………………………..……..………$30/sample
Soil & Residue Testing
1 – 10 sample submission……………..…………………….……….$120/sample
11 + sample submission…………………………..…………..………$40/sample
Current Turnaround Time: Less than 30 days
Rush testing is available for a surcharge. Please contact Megan O’Neil at 701-239-1449 for expedited requests.
Phytophthora Pricing
Soil Testing
1 – 10 sample submission……………..…………………….……….$120/sample
11 + sample submission…………………………..…………..………$40/sample
Current Turnaround Time: Less than 30 days
Rush testing is available for a surcharge. Please contact Megan O’Neil at 701-239-1449 for expedited requests.
Aphid Resistance in Soybeans Pricing
Green Plant Tissue & Seed Testing
1 – 10 sample submission……………..………………..……..……….$90/sample
11 + sample submission…………………………………..……..………$30/sample
Current Turnaround Time: Less than 30 days
Rush testing is available for a surcharge. Please contact Megan O’Neil at 701-239-1449 for expedited requests.